1. Intshayelelo

I-Antimony, njengesinyithi esibalulekileyo esingena-ferrous, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-flame retardants, ii-alloys, ii-semiconductors kunye nezinye iindawo. Nangona kunjalo, ii-antimony ores kwindalo zihlala zihlala kunye ne-arsenic, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-arsenic ibe nomxholo ophezulu kwi-antimony ekrwada echaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ze-antimony. Eli nqaku lizisa ngokucwangcisiweyo iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokususa i-arsenic ekucoceni i-antimony ekrwada, kubandakanya ukucocwa kwe-pyrometallurgical, ukucocwa kwe-hydrometallurgical, kunye nokucocwa kwe-electrolytic, ichaza imigaqo yazo, ukuhamba kwenkqubo, iimeko zokusebenza, kunye neenzuzo/iingxaki.

2. Ukucocwa kwePyrometallurgical yokususa iArsenic

2.1 Indlela yokuCoca iAlkaline

2.1.1 Umgaqo

Indlela yokucokisa i-alkaline isusa i-arsenic ngokusekelwe kwimpendulo phakathi kwe-arsenic kunye nee-alkali metal compounds ukuze zenze ii-arsenate. Ii-equation eziphambili ze-reaction:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Ukuhamba kweNkqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza: Cwilisa i-antimony eluhlaza ibe ziinxalenye ze-5-10mm uze uyixube ne-soda ash (Na₂CO₃) ngomlinganiselo wobunzima we-10:1
2. Ukunyibilikisa: Fudumeza kwi-oven evuselelayo ukuya kuma-850-950°C, yibambe iiyure ezi-2-3
3. Ukukhupha umoya oxidation: Faka umoya oxidation (uxinzelelo 0.2-0.3MPa), isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi yi-2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Ukwakheka kwe-slag: Yongeza ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-saltpeter (NaNO₃) njenge-oxidant, idosi eyi-3-5% yobunzima be-antimony
5. Ukususwa kwenkunkuma: Emva kokuba ihlale imizuzu engama-30, susa inkunkuma engaphezulu
6. Phinda umsebenzi: Phinda le nkqubo ingasentla amaxesha ama-2-3

2.1.3 Ulawulo lweeParamitha zeNkqubo

• Ulawulo lobushushu: Ubushushu obufanelekileyo 900±20°C
• Umlinganiselo we-alkali: Lungisa ngokwe-arsenic content, ngesiqhelo yi-8-12% yobunzima be-antimony
• Ixesha lokuxinana: iiyure ezi-1-1.5 ngomjikelo ngamnye wokuxinana

2.1.4 Ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-Arsenic

Inokunciphisa umxholo we-arsenic ukusuka kwi-2-5% ukuya kwi-0.1-0.3%

2.2 Indlela yokuVula iOxidative

2.2.1 Umgaqo

Isebenzisa uphawu lokuba i-arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) iguquguqukayo ngakumbi kune-antimony oxide. I-As₂O₃ iyaguquka kwi-193°C kuphela, ngelixa i-Sb₂O₃ ifuna i-656°C.

2.2.2 Ukuhamba kweNkqubo

1. Ukunyibilikisa i-oxidative: Fudumeza kwi-oven ejikelezayo ukuya kuma-600-650°C xa umoya ungenisa
2. Unyango lwegesi yolwelo: Yenza i-condense kwaye ubuyisele i-As₂O₃ eguquguqukayo
3. Ukunciphisa ukunyibilikisa: Nciphisa izinto eziseleyo kwi-1200°C nge-coke
4. Ukucocwa: Yongeza intwana encinci yesoda ash ukuze ucoceke ngakumbi

2.2.3 Iiparameter eziphambili

• Uxinzelelo lweoksijini: 21-28%
• Ixesha lokuhlala: iiyure ezi-4-6
• Isantya sokujikeleza kwe-kiln: 0.5-1r/min

3. Ukucocwa kwe-Hydrometallurgical yokususa i-Arsenic

3.1 Indlela yokuVukuza i-Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Umgaqo

Isebenzisa uphawu lokuba i-arsenic sulfide inokunyibilika okuphezulu kwizisombululo ze-alkali sulfide kune-antimony sulfide. Impendulo ephambili:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
I-Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Ayinyibiliki

3.1.2 Ukuhamba kweNkqubo

1. I-Sulfidation: Xuba i-crude antimony powder ne-sulfur kumlinganiselo we-1:0.3 mass, uze uyixube ne-sulfidize kwi-500°C kangangeyure e-1
2. Ukuvuza: Sebenzisa isisombululo se-2mol/L Na₂S, umlinganiselo wolwelo-oqinileyo ongu-5:1, uxube ku-80°C iiyure ezi-2
3. Ukucoca: Hlunga nge-filter press, intsalela i-antimony concentrate ephantsi kwe-arsenic
4. Ukuvuselelwa: Ngenisa i-H₂S kwi-filtrate ukuze kuphinde kuvele i-Na₂S

3.1.3 Iimeko zeNkqubo

• Ugxininiso lwe-Na₂S: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• I-pH yokuvuza: 12-13
• Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuza: Njengoko> 90%, ilahleko ye-Sb<5%

3.2 Indlela yokuNyusa i-Acidic Oxidative

3.2.1 Umgaqo

Isebenzisa i-arsenic's oxidation elula kwiimeko ze-asidi, isebenzisa ii-oxidants ezifana ne-FeCl₃ okanye i-H₂O₂ ukuze inyibilike ngokukhetha.

3.2.2 Ukuhamba kweNkqubo

1. Ukuvuza: Kwisisombululo se-1.5mol/L HCl, yongeza i-0.5mol/L FeCl₃, umlinganiselo wolwelo-oqinileyo ongu-8:1
2. Ulawulo olunokwenzeka: Gcina amandla okukhupha ioksijini kwi-400-450mV (ngokuchasene neSHE)
3. Ukwahlulwa kolwelo oluqinileyo: Ukucoca nge-vacuum, thumela i-filtrate ekubuyiselweni kwe-arsenic
4. Ukuhlamba: Hlamba intsalela yesihluzo izihlandlo ezi-3 nge-hydrochloric acid enyibilikisiweyo

4. Indlela yokuCoca nge-Electrolytic

4.1 Umgaqo

Isebenzisa umahluko kwi-deposition potentials phakathi kwe-antimony (+0.212V) kunye ne-arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Ukuhamba kweNkqubo

1. Ukulungiswa kwe-Anode: Faka i-antimony eluhlaza kwiiplate ze-anode ezingama-400×600×20mm
2. Ukwakheka kwe-Electrolyte: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, isongezo (igelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Iimeko ze-Electrolysis:
   • Uxinano lwangoku: 120-150A/m²
   • I-voltage yeseli: 0.4-0.6V
   • Ubushushu: 30-35°C
   • Umgama we-electrode: 100mm
4. Umjikelo: Susa kwiseli rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezisi-7-10

4.3 Izalathisi zobuGcisa

• Ubumsulwa be-antimony ye-Cathode: ≥99.85%
• Izinga lokususwa kweArsenic: >95%
• Ukusebenza kakuhle okwangoku: 85-90%

5. Iiteknoloji zokususa iArsenic ezisakhasayo

5.1 Ukucoca ngeVacuum

Phantsi kwe-vacuum ye-0.1-10Pa, isebenzisa umahluko woxinzelelo lomphunga (Njengoko: 133Pa kwi-550°C, i-Sb ifuna i-1000°C).

5.2 Uxinzelelo lwePlasma

Isebenzisa iplasma enobushushu obuphantsi (5000-10000K) ekutshiseni i-arsenic ekhethiweyo, ixesha elifutshane lokucubungula (imizuzu eli-10-30), nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi.

6. Iingcebiso zoQhathaniso lweNkqubo kunye noKhetho

Iingcebiso zokukhetha:

• Ukutya okune-arsenic ephezulu (As>3%): Kukhethwa ukuvuza kwe-alkali sulfide
• I-arsenic ephakathi (0.5-3%): Ukucocwa kwe-alkaline okanye i-electrolysis
• Iimfuneko zokucoca okuphezulu kwe-arsenic ephantsi: Kucetyiswa ukucocwa kwe-electrolytic

7. Isiphelo

Ukususwa kwe-arsenic kwi-antimony eluhlaza kufuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo kweempawu zezinto eziluhlaza, iimfuno zemveliso, kunye noqoqosho. Iindlela zemveli ze-pyrometallurgical zinamandla amakhulu kodwa zinoxinzelelo olukhulu lokusingqongileyo; iindlela ze-hydrometallurgical zinongcoliseko oluncinci kodwa zineenkqubo ezinde; iindlela ze-electrolytic zivelisa ubunyulu obuphezulu kodwa zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi. Imiyalelo yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo ibandakanya:

1. Ukuphuhlisa izongezo ezidityanisiweyo ezisebenzayo
2. Ukuphucula iinkqubo ezidibeneyo ezinamanqanaba amaninzi
3. Ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-arsenic
4. Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokukhutshwa kongcoliseko